林玉明照片上海国际电影节开幕式
定语从句
[概念说明]
名词或代词由一个句子修改，这个子句就是定语从句。定语从句一般是后尾的，但as指导的整篇文章的定语可以先于从句。
指导定语从句的单词有关系代词that、which、who、whom、whose、as等，关系副词when、where、why等。关系代词或关系副词在修饰的名词或代词(也称为先行词)和定语从句之间有联系作用，也用作定语从句的一个成分。
[要点难点]
1)that和which的用法差异
如果仅使用That:
先行词被修饰为最高级时，例如the best work that I can do。
先行词用序数词修饰时，如the second book that I bought。
先行词被修饰为the last、the only、the same、the very等时。
先行词有anything that he does等不确定代词all、anything、everything、little、much、nobody、nothing等。All that I can do now等。
先行词有any、no、all等限定词时，如all the words that I've learned。
先行词是同时包含人和内容的短语，如the city and the people that I visited。
如果仅使用Which:
不限定的定语在从句前有逗号。
介词后。
请看That和which的使用例句。
it ' s the best film that ' s ever been made on the subject of madness。这是以精神病为题材的电影中最好的场面。
Shakespeare is the Greatest Poet that England has ever had。莎士比亚是英国最伟大的诗人。(这句话中先行词是人，但前面也有形容词最高级的修饰，所以还是用that比较好。）
take the first opportunity that offers。抓住第一个机会。
he is the last person that one would suspect。人们最不可能怀疑他。
man is the only creature that is gifted with speech。只有人类才有语言天赋。
a fool sees not the same tree that a wise man sees。傻瓜看到的树和聪明人看到的树不一样。
those were the very words that he said at the meeting。这是他在会上说的话。
All that glitters is not gold。闪闪发光的不都是金子。
anything that you have to say had better be said in each other ' s presence。有话直接说比较好。
There's still much that is to be done。还有很多事要做。
I have changed my mind。nothing that you say will change it。我已经改变主意了。不管你说什么，都改变不了它。
nobody that was there could convince her of her mistake。没有人能让她明白她的错误。
every paper that you read gives the same story。你看到的所有报纸都报道同样的新闻。
I still can ' t forget the places and the people that I visited during last summer vacation。我忘不了去年夏天我看到的地方和人们。
2)关系代词(that、which、who、whom等)和关系副词(when、where等)的用法差异
关系代词在定语从句中给出宾语标语，关系副词在定语从句中说副词。
分析时主要从动词的及物性或有无介词考虑。
请看以下比较示例：
this is the factory where my father once wor
ked. 这是我父亲曾工作过的工厂。（worked是不及物动词，不接宾语，所以不用which/that。where相当于in the factory）This is the factory which/that my father once worked in.（worked in的宾语是factory，故用关系代词which/that）
②I will never forget the days which/that I spent in the wood near our village. 我忘不了我在我村边小树林里度过的日子。（the days是spent的宾语）
I will never forget the days when I spent my holidays with my grandparents. 我忘不了我和我的祖父母一起度假的日子。（spent的宾语是holidays，不是the days）
I will never forget the small village where I spent my holidays. 我忘不了我度假的小村庄。（与上句一样，spent的宾语是my holidays）
③Is this the school which/that you visited the other day? 这是你几天前参观过的学校吗？（the school作visited的宾语）
Is this the school where you visited your teacher the other day? 这是你几天前拜访你老师的学校吗？（visited在定语从句中有自己的宾语your teacher，所以不用that/which）
3)those who和he who句型
两个常用句型。He who常用于谚语中。请看例句：
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。
God helps those who help themselves. 上帝帮助自强的人。
He who insists on seeing with perfect clearness before he decides never decides. 坚持一切看清楚之后才做决定的人永远也做不了决定。
He was a bold man who first ate an oyster. 第一个吃牡蛎的人是勇敢的人。
4)whose的用法
whose是关系限定词，既可以指人也可以指物，即既可以说“某人的”，也可以说“某物的”。
Fortune never helps the man whose courage fails. 运气永远不会帮助丧失勇气的人。
That's the man whose house has burned down. 那就是那位房屋烧毁的人。
Have you noticed the house whose windows are closed now? 你注意到了那家窗户关着的房子吗？
He’s written a book whose name I have completely forgotten. 他写了一本书，书名我完全忘记了。
Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。
注：在正式文体中，指物时，whose往往用of which表示。of which可放在被修饰的名词之前或之后，而whose只能放在被修饰的名词之前。例如：The house whose windows/of which the windows/the windows of which are broken is unoccupied.（那间窗户破了的房屋没人居住。）
whose前有时有介词。
The teacher in whose class my daughter is studying is a kindhearted man. 我女儿所在的那位老师心地善良。
Michel Croz, with whose help, Woolworth climbed to the mountain top, was one of the prefessional guides. 米歇尔?克罗兹是职业向导之一，在他的帮助下伍德沃斯攀登到了山顶。
Then we had a chance to talk with that tall man, from whose accent we at once knew that he came from Hunan Province. 后来我们有机会和那个高个子说话，我们从他的口音迅速知道他是个湖南人。
张靓颖
5)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：限制性定语从句是先行词（即被修饰词）不可缺少的定语，限制性定语从句前不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，先行词所述对象仍很清楚，非限制性定语从句前常用逗号隔开。这里有两个例句及分析：
Those who want to go camping please tell the monitor. 想去野营的人请告诉班长。（定语从句who want to go camping在句中不可少，否则先行词those不知道指谁，也就变得无意义，因此它是限制性定语从句。）
Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. 足球风靡全世界，它是一项很有趣的运动。（定语从句which is a very interesting game只是对意义已很明确的football作一个补充说明，因此它是非限制性定语从句。）
注意，非限制性定语从句可以用关系代词which, who, whom, whose, as及介词+which/whom等引导，也可以用关系副词when, where引导，但不能用that引导。另外，非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词是不能省略的。
6)whom的用法
只有作定语从句中的宾语时才能用whom；介词后用whom不用who。口语中whom前无介词时可用that或who代替。
My brother, whom you met the other day, has gone abroad. 前几天你遇见过的我的那个兄弟，出国去了。
I have a few friends whom I could ring to see if they are free. 我有几个朋友，我可以打电话去联系，看看他们是不是有时间。
You have many people around you who are kind to you but whom you will soon forget. 你周围有许多对你好的人，但你都会很快忘记他们。
There came a lot of children, most of whom I didn’t know. 来了许多孩子，大多数我都不认识。
7)介词＋which/whom引导的定语从句
如果关系代词which/whom本身在定语从句中充当一个介词或介词短语的宾语的时候，有时可以将介词直接放在which/whom的前面，这样就产生了“介词＋关系代词”及“名词或代词＋介词＋which/whom”或“复合介词＋which/whom”等的结构。
I know the man to whom you talked just now. 我认识你刚才与之说话的那个人。
Life is a flower of which love is honey. 人生是花朵，爱情是花蜜。
He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge. 当在当地的一所中学上学，此后就去上了剑桥大学。
It’s a family of five children, all of whom are studying music. 这一家有五个孩子，他们都在学音乐。
In the attic we found some apples, none of which was fit to eat. 在阁楼里我们发现了一些苹果，其中没有一个能吃的。
I have three brothers, all of whom have gone abroad. 我有三个兄弟，他们都出国了。
Soon they spotted a mountain, on top of which stood a temple. 不久他们发现了一座山，山顶上有一座庙宇。
8)why引导的定语从句
关系副词why用在reason之后，只引导限制性定语从句，why在从句中作状语，表示原因。
Give me the reason why you should be interested in his affairs. 告诉我你为什么竟对他的事这样感兴趣。
The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。
That is the reason why he raised the question. 这就是他所以提出问题的原因。
注意：有时reason后不一定是why引导的定语从句。如下列句子中，reason后接的是which/that引导的定语从句，这是因为，reason在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
Is this the reason which/that the chairman gave at the meeting? 这就是主席在会上所给的理由吗？
I really can’t understand the reason that/which he explained. 我实在无法理解他所解释的理由。
9)where引导定语从句有时修饰一些具有抽象意义的表示地点的名词，如situation, point, position等等。
If you are ever in a situation where someone starts shooting, drop to the ground. 如果你遇到有人要射击的情况就摔倒在地上。
But after a few days’ stay they got to the point where they could read each other's thoughts. 不过呆了几天之后，他们到了一个彼此能理解相互想法的阶段。
It got to the point where I couldn't remember any of the reasons I loved him. 到那时候，我无法记起我爱他的任何理由了。
10)the way后的定语从句
The way后的定语从句用in which引导，in which可以用that代替，而that又可以省略。所以，表达“某人做某事的方法”有三种形式：
1. the way in which somebody does something
2. the way that somebody does something
3. the way somebody does something.
11)which指代前面的句中的内容
which的这一用法只能以非限定性定语从句出现。
Jenny was late for school a third time during the week, which made her teacher very angry. 詹妮一周内第三次迟到了，这使得她老师很生气。
?He left early, which was wise. 他早早地离开，那是很明智的。
He suddenly became wealthy, which changed his whole mode of life. 他忽然变得富有了，这改变了他整个的生活方式。
He often helps me with my lessons, which is kind of him. 他经常在功课方面帮助我，真是感谢他。
12)which作关系限定词的情况
which作为关系限定词时，其本身代替前面所陈述的内容。
She asked me to see the doctor, which advice I took at once. 她要我去看医生，我立即采纳了她的建议。
He is studying economics, which knowledge is very important today. 他正在攻读经济学，这门知识在今天是非常重要的。
He believes in students’ doing more homework, which idea I am quite opposed to. 他相信要让学生做更多的家庭作业，我非常反对这个观点。
which的这种用法常伴随介词而用。常见的词组形式有by which means, during which time, in which case, for which mistake, for which reason等等。
She may have missed the train, in which case (=if this happens) she won't arrive for another hour. 她也许没赶上火车，如果那样的话，她一小时是到不了的。
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologize. 我叫错了他的名字，为此我道歉。
He didn’t feel well that morning, for which reason he didn’t attend school. 那天早晨他感到不舒服，因此，他没去上学。
Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French. 汤姆在大学上了四年学，在这段时间里，他学会了法语。
2017年3月16日，上海，关晓彤出席芭比活动。
13)as用法
关系代词as引导定语从句有两种形式：
（1）as引导一个非限制性定语从句修饰一个分句，as代表该分句所表达的整个概念或其中一部分的概念。as定语从句可置于句首、句中或句尾；as本身在从句中充当主语、宾语及表语。
（2）用于as … as, the same … as, so … as, such … as等结构中。
as用法的第一种情况：
As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun. 众所周知，地球围绕太阳旋转。
He must be an African, as may be seen from the colour of his skin. 他准是个非洲人，这可以从他的肤色看得出来。
If he comes late, as is usual, for another time, we’ll not receive him. 如果他再一次像以往那样迟到，我们就不接待他了。
She is a fine singer, as her mother used to be. 她是个很出色的歌唱家，像她的母亲当年一样。
As you will find out, all is now settled. 你会发现，现在一切都解决了。
Helen is somewhat crazy, as everyone could see. 海伦有些神经错乱，这种情况每个人都看得出。
注意这一类的as表面上看好像和which代替全句时的用法相似，但as引导的定语从句的最大特点是它的意思多侧重于表达“（正）像……、（正）如……”及类似的意思。一般说来，当关系代词在从句中作be动词的主语或一般动词的宾语时，which和as可交替使用；当关系代词在从句中作一般动词（非be动词）的主语时，只能用which；as可置于句首、句中，而which则不能。例如：
He was late for school, as/which was usual with him. 他上学迟到了，他经常这样。
He saw the girl, as/which he had hoped (he would). 他见到了那位姑娘姑娘，正像他希望的那样。
He saw the girl, which delighted him. 他见到了那位姑娘，这使得他很开心。（句中的which不能用as代替，因为从句中的delighted是非be动词）
As has been said before, grammar is not a set of dead rules. 正如上面所说的那样，语法不是一套死的规则。（句中的As不能用Which代替，因为此定语从句置于句首）
as用法的第二种情况：
There’s as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it. 海里有的是鱼；天涯处处有芳草。
Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. 这是一块没人能搬动的大石头。
Her manner and attitude toward him were quite the same as they had always been. 她对他的举止和态度和往常是完全相同的。
He does not possess such a mind as is necessary to a scientist. 他缺乏科学家所必须具备的头脑。
Such food as they gave us was scarcely fit to eat. 他们给我们的食物很不适合吃。
A man such as he will surely succeed. 像他这样的人是肯定会成功的。
I haven’t much money but you can use such as I have. 我钱不多，可你能用我所有的钱。
Such as you see is all we have. 你所见到的就是我们所有的东西。
14)介词+whom/which + to do的类定语从句结构的不定式用法
This is a useful tool with which to cut steel. 这是可以用来切割钢材的工具。
Can you recommend someone from whom to learn how to use the software? 你能推荐一个可以向他讨教使用这一软件的人吗？
It’s not a room in which to live comfortably. 这不是可以舒适居住的房间。
这一结构的介词位置固定，不可移到动词之后，如第一句中的with which to cut steel不可改成which to cut stell with。
15)嵌入式定语从句
有一种定语从句，在其从句中的主语和谓语之间有一个插入语如I think。这一种定语从句叫做嵌入式定语从句。嵌入的分句的谓语动词常常是think, believe, guess, imagine, say, suppose, be sure, doubt等等。
She offered a suggestion which she said would interest you. 她提出一个她说一定会引起你兴趣的建议。
He wrote letters to every person and organization that he believed might be able to help. 他写信给每个人和每个组织，他相信可能有帮助。
That is the engineer who I think is the right man chosen for the job. 那位就是我认为适合被选派做这项工作的工程师。
