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理科数学
数学试题
数学文科（含解析）
数学理科
数学试题
数学文科（含解析）
数学理科
数学理科解析
英语
英语试题
英语答案
第一部分 听力 (共两节，满分30分)
做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节 (共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?
A. £19.15. B. £9.18. C. £9.15.
答案是C。
1. What is the man doing?
A. Asking the way.
B. Giving directions.
C. Correcting a mistake.
2. What dress size does the woman want?
A. 8. B. 10. C. 12.
3. What is the woman likely to do?
A. Make a phone call.
B. Handle the problem.
C. Have a rest.
4. Which tour does the man seem to be interested in?
A. The evening tour.
B. The half-day tour.
C. The full-day tour.
5. Where are the speakers?
A. At a canteen.
B. At a clinic.
C. At a bank.
第二节 (共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)
听下面 5 段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题 5 秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出 5 秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第 6 段材料，回答第 6、7 题。
6. What does the woman think of the match?
A. Entertaining.
B. Discouraging.
C. Boring.
7. What do the speakers plan to do on Tuesday afternoon?
A. Watch a game.
B. Play tennis.
C. Go to the cinema.
听第 7 段材料，回答第 8 至 10 题。
8. What does the man advise Mrs. White to do?
A. Go on a diet.
B. Do more exercise.
C. Get enough sleep.
9. Which can be included in Mrs. White’s breakfast?
A. Eggs.
B. Sausages.
C. Porridge.
10. What is the man?
A. A teacher.
B. A physician.
C. A chef.
听第 8 段材料，回答第 11 至 14 题。
11. How does Nancy look to Daniel?
A. Confused.
B. Excited.
C. Anxious.
12. Why does Daniel mention his performance in a play?
A. To comfort Nancy.
B. To express his regret.
C. To show his pride.
13. What is Nancy going to do next week?
A. Take a school test.
B. Have a check-up.
C. Go in for a competition.
14. What does Daniel offer to do for Nancy?
A. Rewrite her lines.
B. Drive her to the theatre.
C. Help her with the practice.
听第 9 段材料，回答第 15 至 17 题。
15. What was Prof. Stone’s grandfather afraid of?
A. Leaving his home.
B. Parting from his son.
C. Taking early retirement.
16. What does old age mean to many elderly Americans?
A. Lack of moral support.
B. Loss of self-worth.
C. Change of living habits.
17. What will Prof. Stone talk about next concerning elderly people?
A. Public services they ask for.
B. Health care available to them.
C. Contributions they can make.
听第 10 段材料，回答第 18 至 20 题。
18. What does the speaker’s mother want her to be?
A. A confident person.
B. A warm-hearted person.
C. A humorous person.
19. Why did the speaker feel lonely in her childhood?
A. She often traveled by herself.
B. Her family moved frequently.
C. Her mother was busy working.
20. What does the speaker mainly talk about?
A. Importance of home schooling.
B. Mother-daughter relationship.
C. A role model in her family.
1 答案速查
1—5 ACCBB 6—10 ABACB
11—15 CACCA 16—20 BCABB
2 录音原文
(Text 1)
M: Excuse me, I got lost. I took a bus to city hall, but I can’t find the place.
W: This is the concert hall, not city hall. To go there, you should take the bus at Grand Hotel over there.
(Text 2)
M: Can I help you?
W: I’m looking for a size twelve dress.
M: Oh, let me see. An eight, a ten. Ah, you’re lucky. I have the prettiest dress here in a twelve. Why don’t you try it on?
(Text 3)
W: Do you think you can take care of everything in the office today?
M: No problem. Just go home and take a rest. If there is anything I feel I cannot handle, I’ll call you.
(Text 4)
W: We have a half-day tour, a full-day tour and an evening tour. Which one would you like?
M: What is the schedule of the half-day tour?
W: It sets out at 8:30 a.m. and returns at 2:00 p.m.
(Text 5)
M: Now, what seems to be the trouble, Mrs. Stevens?
W: I’ve been very dizzy lately. And last night, I had some chest pain.
M: Don’t worry. Let me have a look.
(Text 6)
W: Wow. That was a great match. I really like watching tennis games.
M: Me too. I think tennis is an exciting sport.
W: I think so. Do you play tennis, John?
M: Yes, but not very well. Do you play?
W: A little. How about a game on Tuesday afternoon?
M: Sure.
(Text 7)
M: Mrs White, I’m afraid we have to put you on a strict diet. From now on, you’re going to have to stay away from salty food.
W: Does that mean I can’t have any more fast food?
M: Right. You can’t have any fried food or steaks.
W: What about breakfast food like eggs and sausages?
M: Those are all bad for you. But you can have porridge, bread and orange juice.
W: Well, what about lunch and dinner?
M: Have a salad for lunch. As for dinner, you can have all the vegetables you want. Fish and chicken are also okay.
W: What about dessert? Can I still have ice cream?
M: Yes, but not too much.
(Text 8)
M: Hi Nancy! You look worried. What’s wrong?
W: Well Daniel, have you ever felt nervous on stage?
M: Sure. Do you remember that play I was in a few years ago? I knew my lines, but I was terrified to have to recite them in front of an audience. As soon as I saw the crowd of people down there, my heart beat so fast that I was unable to say a single word.
W: That’s how I feel just thinking about the spelling competition next week.
M: I didn’t know you made it to the finals.
W: I’m worried I’ll get nervous and freeze on stage. I might forget how to spell everything, even my own name. I don’t know what to do.
M: Nancy, I know that you’re not going to forget how to spell your name. I’ll help you get through this. I’ll go to the school hall with you to practice. Then I’ll teach you an exercise my baseball coach taught me. Believe me. It works.
W: I feel much better now. Thanks, Daniel.
(Text 9)
W: Hello, ladies and gentlemen! Today, we have invited Prof. Stone to talk about the role of elderly people in our society. Welcome to our show, Prof. Stone.
M: To begin with, I’d like to tell a story from my own life. Several years ago, when my grandparents were well into their 80s, they were no longer able to care for themselves very well. My grandfather was afraid of leaving the only home they had known for the past 60 years. The idea of having to sell their home and move into a retirement home was an extremely painful experience for them. Indeed, old age for them, and many old Americans can mean not only the possible failure of one’s health, but the loss of identity and self-worth.
W: Yes, it’s true. What do you have to say about the problem of old age?
M: Many experts have given talks here that have focused on the medical care, and the development of public services for senior citizens. Today, I’d like to focus my comments on the meaningful roles that elderly can play and should play in our society.
(Text 10)
W: Talking about personal relationships, well, I’d naturally think of my relationship with my mother. Whenever I need help, my mother is always there for me. She often tells me that I can be anyone I want, as long as I’m confident of myself. She sees my talent and pushes me to do the best I possibly can. As I was growing up, we were often on the move. I had to admit that moving so often made me feel lonely. But my mother did everything she could to help me feel happy. In fact, so much traveling was really a good thing because it made us close. I respect my mother so much as she never treats me as a child, but as an equal. She gives me the freedom to make mistakes and to learn from them all. Unlike friendships that can fade or break, I know I’ll always be connected to my mother no matter what I face. She is not just a role model, but someone I love.
3 阅读理解
21-23 DCA 24-27 BACB 28-31 CABD
32-ACDD 36-40BCFEG
4 完形填空
41-45CABDA ABCAB DCADB CDBCD
5 语法填空
61 educated 62. development 63. its 64. until 65. the 66. of 67 visiting 68 financial 69 Activities 70 to have
6 短文改错
Line 2: dish—dishes
Line 4: tidying—tidy;
Line 5: whatever—whenever
Line 6: benefit a lot doing—benefit a lot from doing
Line 8: was—is
Line 10: are 删掉
Line 12: most—more
Line 13: mentally—mental
Line 14: our—my
Line 15: hopes—hope
理科综合
理科综合试题（部分）
2021年高考全国乙卷理综生物试卷答案
使用地区：河南、山西、江西、安徽、甘肃、青海、内蒙古、黑龙江、吉林、宁夏、新疆、陕西
1.果蝇体细胞含有8条染色体。下列关于果蝇体细胞有丝分裂的叙述，错误的是（ D）
A.在间期，DNA进行半保留复制，形成16个DNA分子
B.在前期，每条染色体由2条染色单体组成，含2个DNA分子
C.在中期，8条染色体的着丝点排列在赤道板上，易于观察染色体
D.在后期，成对的同源染色体分开，细胞中有16条染色体
2.选择合适的试剂有助于达到实验目的。下列关于生物学实验所用试剂的叙述，错误的是（ A）
A.鉴别细胞的死活时，台盼蓝能将代谢旺盛的动物细胞染成蓝色
B.观察根尖细胞有丝分裂中期的染色体，可用龙胆紫溶液使其着色
C.观察RNA在细胞中分布的实验中，盐酸处理可改变细胞膜的通透性
D.观察植物细胞吸水和失水时，可用蔗糖溶液处理紫色洋葱鳞片叶外表皮
3.植物在生长发育过程中，需要不断从环境中吸收水。下列有关植物体内水的叙述，错误的是（ C）
A.根系吸收的水有利于植物保持固有姿态
B.结合水是植物细胞结构的重要组成成分
C.细胞的有氧呼吸过程不消耗水但能产生水
D.自由水和结合水比值的改变会影响细胞的代谢活动
4.在神经调节过程中，兴奋会在神经纤维上传导和神经元之间传递。下列有关叙述错误的是（ A ）
A.兴奋从神经元的细胞体传导至突触前膜，会引起Na+外流
B.突触前神经元兴奋可引起突触前膜释放乙酰胆碱
C.乙酰胆碱是一种神经递质，在突触间隙中经扩散到达突触后膜
D.乙酰胆碱与突触后膜受体结合，引起突触后膜电位变化
5.在格里菲思所做的肺炎双球菌转化实验中，无毒性的R型活细菌与被加热示死的S型细菌混合后注射到小鼠体内，从小鼠体内分离出了有毒性的S型活细菌。某同学根据上述实验，结合现有生物学知识所做的下列推测中，不合理的是（D ）
A.与R型菌相比，S型菌的毒性可能与荚膜多糖有关
B.S型菌的DNA能够进入R型菌细胞指导蛋白质的合成
c.加热杀死S型菌使其蛋白质功能丧失而DNA功能可能不受影响
D.将S型菌的DNA经DNA酶处理后与R型菌混合，可以得到S型菌
6.某种二倍体植物的n个不同性状由n对独立遗传的基因控制(杂合子表现显性性状)。已知植株A的n对基因均杂合。理论上，下列说法错误的是（B ）
A.植株A的测交子代会出现2n种不同表现型的个体
B. n越大，植株A测交子代中不同表现型个体数目彼此之间的差异越大
C.植株A测交子代中n对基因均杂合的个体数和纯合子的个体数相等
D. n≥2时，植株A的测交子代中杂合子的个体数多于纯合子的个体数
29. (11分)生活在干旱地区的一些植物 (如植物甲)具有特殊的CO2固定方式。这类植物晚上气孔打开吸收CO2,吸收的CO2通过生成苹果酸储存在液泡中;白天气孔关闭，液泡中储存的苹果酸脱羧释放的CO2可用于光合作用。回答下列问题:
(1)白天叶肉细胞产生ATP的场所有_类囊体薄膜、细胞质基质、线粒体__。光合作用所需的CO2来源于苹果酸脱羧和_呼吸作用__释放的CO2。
(2)气孔白天关闭、晚上打开是这类植物适应干旱环境的一种方式，这种方式既能防止_水分过度散失__，又能保证__光合作用_正常进行。
(3)若以pH作为检测指标，请设计实验来验证植物甲在干旱环境中存在这种特殊的CO2固定方式。(简要写出实验思路和预期结果)
使植物甲分别置于干旱与正常环境中培养，每间隔一定时间分别测定液泡PH值，持续监测24小时。若干旱环境下植物夜晚PH出现更为显著下降，则植物甲确实存在该CO2固定方式；若两组PH值变化相当则不存在该方式。
30. (9 分)在自然界中，竞争是一个非常 普遍的现象。回答下列问题:
(1)竞争排斥原理是指在一个稳定的环境中，两个或两个以上受资源限制的，但具有相同资源利用方式的物种不能长期共存在一起。为了验证竞争排斥原理，某同学选用双小核草履虫和大草履虫为材料进行实验，选择动物所遵循的原则是_资源利用方式相似（食物、空间等资源类型相似）_。该实验中需要将两种草履虫放在资源___有限的____ (填 “有限的”或“无限的")环境中混合培养。当实验出现___一种生物数量占据优势而另一生物数量减少甚至为零_____的结果时即可证实竞争排斥原理。
(2)研究发现，以同一棵树上的种子为食物的两种雀科鸟原来存在竞争关系，经进化后通过分别取食大小不同的种子而能长期共存。若仅从取食的角度分析，两种鸟除了因取食的种子大小不同而共存，还可因取食的_ 位置、时间___ ( 答出1点即可)不同而共存。
(3)根据上述实验和研究，关于生物种间竞争的结果可得出的结论是___生物对资源需求越相似，资源越有限，竞争越激烈__。
31. (9分)
哺乳动物细胞之间的信息交流是其生命活动所必需的。请参照表中内容，围绕细胞间的信息交流完成下表，以体现激素和靶器官(或靶细胞)响应之间的对应关系
32. (10 分)
果蝴的灰体对黄体是显性状，由X染色体上的1对等位基因(用Aa表示)控制:长翅对残翅是显性性状，由常染色体上的1对等位基因(用BM表示)控制。回答下列问题:
(1) 请用灰体纯合子雌果蝇和黄体雄果蝇为实验材料，设计杂交实验以获得黄体雌果蝇。(要求:用遗传图解表示杂交过程。)
(2)若用黄体残翅雌果蝇与灰体长翅雄果蝇(xAYBB) 作为亲本杂交得到F1, F1相互交配得F2,则F2中灰体长翅:灰体残翅:黄体长翅:黄体残翅=3:1:3:1 ,F2中灰体长翅雌蝇出现的概率为__3/16___
37. [生物选修1:生物技术实践] (15分)
工业上所说的发酵是指微生物在有氧或无氧条件下通过分解与合成代谢将某些原料物质转化为特定产品的过程。利用微生物发酵制作酱油在我国具有悠久的历史。某企业通过发酵制作酱油的流程示意图下。
回答下列问题:
(1)米曲霉发酵过程中，加入大豆、小麦和麦麸可以为米曲霉的生长提供营养物质，大豆中的__蛋白质__可为米曲霉的生长提供氮源，小麦中的淀粉可为米曲霉的生长提供_碳源__。
(2)米曲霉发酵过程的主要目的是使米曲霉充分生长繁殖，大量分泌制作酱油过程所需的酶类，这些酶中的_ 蛋白酶____、__脂肪酶__能分别将发酵池中的蛋白质和脂肪分解成易于吸收、风味独特的成分，如将蛋白质分解为小分子的肽和_氨基酸__。米曲霉发酵过程需要提供营养物质、通入空气并搅拌，由此可以判断米曲霉属于__异养好氧__(填 “自养厌氧”“异养厌氧”或“异养好氧”)微生物。
(3)在发酵池发酵阶段添加的乳酸菌属于__原核生物__ (填 “真核生物”或“原核生物”):添加的酵母菌在无氧条件下分解葡萄糖的产物是__酒精__在该阶段抑制杂菌污染和繁殖是保证酱油质量的重要因素，据图分析该阶段中可以抑制杂菌生长的物质是__酒精（盐）__。（答出1点即可）
38.（选修——选修3：现代生物科技专题）（15分）
用DNA重组技术可以赋予生物以新的遗传特性，创造出更符合人类需要的生物产品。在此过程中需要使用多种工具酶，其中4种限制性核酸内切酶的切割位点如图所示。
回答下列问题：
（1）常用的DNA连接酶有E•coli DNA连接酶和T4 DNA连接酶。上图中 EcoR Ⅰ、Pst Ⅰ 酶切割后的DNA片段可以用E•coli DNA连接酶连接，上图中 Sma Ⅰ、EcoR Ⅰ、Pst Ⅰ、EcoR Ⅴ 酶切割后的DNA片段可以用T4 DNA连接酶连接。
（2）DNA连接酶催化目的基因片段与质粒载体片段之间形成的化学键是 磷酸二酯键 。
（3）DNA重组技术中所用的质粒载体具有一些特征。如质粒DNA分子上有复制原点，可以保证质粒在受体细胞中能 自我复制 ，质粒DNA分子上有 一个至多个限制酶切割位点 ，便于外源DNA插入；质粒DNA分子上有标记基因（如某种抗生素抗性基因），利用抗生素可筛选出含质粒载体的宿主细胞，方法是 将受体细胞培养在含有某种抗生素的培养基中 。
（4）表达载体含有启动子，启动子是指 一段有特殊结构的DNA片段，位于基因的首端，它是RNA聚合酶识别和结合的部位 。
文科综合
文综试题
文综答案
24-35题：DACB CABA DBCD
41. (1)历史学家的使命感；追求客观真实，理性叙述历史；创新精神；开阔的视野；自主的实地查访与史料调查精神。(2)历史，古希腊城邦的发展与人文精神；希腊文明与其他文明的广泛接触；丰富的历史与神话传说；海外贸易与工商业比较发达。史记：多民族统一国家的稳定与繁荣，儒家思想的影响；史学传统；丰富的历史文化积累。(3)叙述一定时空框架内的历史事物；有指导思想；客观、准确的记载；丰富的史实；有作者的认知。45、 (1)迫于外来压力作出的改革；均有富国强兵之目的；受到中央与地方势力的推动；以中体西用为指导思想，均涉及政治，经济，教育，军事等方面。(2)涉及政治体制层面的改革；较为系统的新政改革方案；推动了清末新政的开展，对清末改革产生了重要的影响；未能使清政府摆脱社会危机与政治困境。46、(1)美国科学界的反对，联合国对环境问题的关注，国内反战运动高涨，没有达到预期作战企图。(2)对生态环境和经济造成严重破坏，对越南人民和美国士兵伤害严重，在国际社会造成恶劣影响。47(1)材料一高度肯定，为官不贪，为人真诚，忠孝两全。材料二，辩证看待，为人淳朴大度，但为臣不忠。材料三，全面否定，不忠不义，寡廉贤耻。(2)评价的角度；评价者所持的标准；时代变化；史料考订与发现。