2022年高考英语巅峰突破精讲系列12
句子种类
英语句子是语义和思想的重要载体之一，其结构繁简不一，交际功能各有侧重。对于交流思想，其重要性在于语意的正确表达；对于考试，其重要性在于语境信息的适时呈现，包括单项填空题中语境信息的引出，完形填空题中上下文暗示信息的推定，阅读理解题中答题标的的出现，改错题中暗示信息及答题方向的明确以及英文写作中句子的准确性和完整性、段落的划定、主题句的位置和篇章的构建等，都必须借助于句子来体现，这也反映了近年高考试题语境化的趋势，广大考生只有顺应未来高考发展改革的潮流，立足于学好句子、用好句子、写好句子，才能把握高考制胜的主动权。 本文将就英语句子的结构和语意表达进行初步的分析和归纳。
一、英语句子的分类
1、 按句子结构繁简可分为简单句、并列句和复 合句三大类
1） 简单句是指由一个主语加上一个谓语或几个并列谓语而构成的句子。例如：
① I teach, live and play in the university.
②She does well in all his subjects.
2）并列句是指由并列连词(and, but, so等)连接两个或两个以上的简单句而构成的句子。
例如：
There are 100 computers in the room, but 40 of them have already refused to continue their work because of low voltage (电压)
3）复合句是由一个主句加上一个或多个从句而构成的句子。
例如：
- The finger I put into my mouth was not the one I dipped into the cup.
(句子主语the finger 和表语 the one 各带一个定语从句)
② While my mother was cooking, there happened a serious fire in the kitchen. (一个主句前带一个时间状语从句)
③ Our government has given an order that no projects be built around the scenic spot. (风景区)、（order 带一同位语从句）
2、 按简单句的交际功能可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四类。
1） 陈述句是指2） 由主语＋谓语（部分）构成的简单句。其主、谓语的组织形式有五种，3） 即指4） 五种简单句型：
① S＋V＋O （主语＋谓语＋宾语）
② S＋V （主语＋谓语）
③ S＋V＋P （主语＋联系动词＋表语）
④ S＋V＋O＋C （主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾补）
⑤ S＋V＋InO+DO（主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语）
注：a、上述五种简单句型体现出了陈述句的语序，即主语加谓语的语序。
b在复合句的从句中必须使用陈述句的语序。例如 ：
① This is the book I bought yesterday
② I was reading newspaper when he came in.
③ Do you think whether he’ll come back or not?
④ Was it what the teacher told you in class?
⑤ Whether it is going to rain has been reported.
⑥ We can’t refuse to believe the fact that China has achieved too much in the field of human rights.
2) 特殊疑问句是指由疑问代词（副词）加一般疑问句构成的句子。常见的疑问词有: What，Which，When，Where，Who，Whom，Whose，How 等。其中，what 可用作主语、宾语和定语，which, whose 只用作定语，when, where，how只用作状语。例如：
① What shall we do next? (what 作宾语)
② What class are you in? (what 作定语)
③ What happened to you last Wednesday? (what 作主语)
④ Which one do you like best? (which 作定语)
⑤ When shall we stop working? (when 作时间状语)
⑥ Where is the nearest post office? (where 作地点状语)
⑦ Who wasn’t late for school today? (who 作主语)
⑧ This is the student to whom I have told the news. (how 作宾语)
⑨ Whose ID card is this? (whose 作状语)
⑩ How can you go out alone in the mid-night? (whom 作状语)
注：a对特殊疑问句的回答必须以特殊疑问词的词性为依据，即答语的词性应与特殊疑问词的词性相同。例如：
（a）－How many books do you have in your store?
－____________.
A． No one B. None C. Nothing D. Not one
评析：How many 表示确切的数量，故B为正确答案。
(b) －Who are you talking to, Jack?
－__________.
A. No one. B. None. C. Noting. D. Not one
评析：who表示具体的人，故A 为正确答案。
b特殊疑问句用作从句时应该采用陈述句语序。例如：
I don’t know what class you are in.
What we shall do next hasn’t been decided.
3) 一般疑问句是只能用Yes或No来回答的句子，它由助动词或情态动词加主语构成。例如：
－Are you all here now?
－Yes, we all are.
4）祈使句是表示命令，请求或劝告等意义的句子，其主语常为you，习惯于将其省略，句末标点用句号或惊叹号。
① 肯定祈使句的谓语用动词原形充当。
Do as the Romans do.
Be here on time next time!
② 否定祈使句在谓语动词前加don’t。 如：
Don’t be afraid.
Don’t look out of the window in class.
③ 加强语气祈使句在肯定式的谓语动词前加助动词do。 如：
Do be quiet, please. 请务必保持安静。
Do come again, please. 请一定再来！
④ 为了加强语气或明确指出说话对象，主语you不省略，否定祈使句的主语you放在don’t之后。如：
You two read the text, please. 你们两人请读课文
You get out of here! 你滚出去！
Don’t you be proud again. 你可别在骄傲啦！
⑤ 祈使句的反意疑问句只能用will you 或shall we两种形式。当动作执行者包括说话人在内时用shall we，反之，则用will you。如：
Don’t you be late again, will you?
Say it in Chinese, will you?
Let us help you with your homework, will you?
Let’s go out for a walk, shall we?
5） 感叹句是由感叹词what和how（多么）加上陈述句构成的句子，10） 其常用句型如下五种：
① what + a (n)+ adj + n. （单）＋主语＋谓语！
② what + x +adj +n （复）＋主语＋谓语！
③ what +x +adj +n （不可数）＋主语＋谓语！
④ How + adj/adv +主语 +谓语！
⑤ How +adj + a(n) +n（单）＋主语＋谓语！
注：句型①、④为基本句型，句型②、③、⑤为派生句型。
What a fine day it is! What terrible news it is!
How beautiful she is! How fine a day it is!
What hard-working students they are!
二、 明辨句子种类，正确分析句子结构，准确理解句子意境。
1、 无论是简单句、并列句还是复合句，首先必须使其成分完整。若及物动词和介词没有宾语，单数名词用于句中未带冠词以及介词缺失均属于语法错误。例如：
The man you’ll take the place has been away for two weeks. （误）
The man you’ll take the place of has been away for two weeks. (正)
What interesting story it is! （误）
What an interesting story it is! （正）
2、 要做好单项填空题，首先要分清题干是简单句、并列句还是复合句。如：
__________, but he continued to work at the project.
A Though he was ill. B Having been ill
C Being ill . D He was ill
评析：题干中but后是一个简单句，由并列连词but的连接功能可知，空格处也应为一个简单句，故D 为正确答案。
三、 英语中否定的表达方式。
1、 用否定代词来否定主语或宾语，例如：
1) Nobody can leave without permission（nobody用于否定主语）
2) I know little Russian. （little用于否定宾语）
2、 用not, hardly（简直没有，几乎不），seldom（很少，不常）, little ，rarely（少有地，不常地）和scarcely（几乎没有）等否定副词来否定谓语动词。例如：
1) Scarcely had he entered the room when the phone rang. 他一进房间电话就响了。
2) I rarely write to my parents. 我很少给父母写信。
3) His parents seldom, if ever, have a holiday. 他的父母难得有一天休息。
4) I’m so sad that I can hardly stand up. 我太伤心，简直站不 起来了。
3、think, suppose, believe, expect, imagine 等词后的宾语从句中的否定要移到主句中，而其反意疑问句则用肯定形式。例如：
I don’t think you’ll attend the meeting, will you?
4、 反意疑问句的特殊表现形式。
1) must表推测时，反意疑问句中谓语动词形式由陈述句的原时态来决定。例如：
① There must have been no rain yesterday, wasn’t there?
② You must be right, aren’t you?
2)、若陈述句中有I’m， 则反意问句要用aren’t I, 例如：
I’m polite to you, aren’t I ?
3) 陈述部分主语为表人的不定代词，则反意问句主语常用they;而陈述部分主语为表物的不定代词(something; anything; nothing; everything)，则反意问句主语常用it。例如：
① Something will have to be done about the pollution, won’t it?
② Everyone’s having a good holiday, aren’t they?
综上所述，了解句子种类，分析句子结构是有效处理各种英语试题的重要步骤和前提。
四、 强化训练：从A 、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
1. She is________ student that all the teachers say good to her.
A. such good B. so a good C. so good a D. so good
2. ______, he was very sad.
A. Having punished B. Punished
C. He was punished D. Being punished
3. Is this soft ware _____ you completed several years ago?
A. what that B. that C. which D. the one
4. I considered _______ a PIII computer, which was considered _____- unnecessary by the others in our company.
A. to buy, being B. buying, being
C. buying, to be D. to buy, be
5. -What do you want to do this weekend, to go traveling or to stay at home?
－________ .
A. I prefer traveling to staying at home
B. I’d like traveling
C. I prefer to travel rather than to stay at home. D. That’s a good idea
6. “Would you please go playing with me this afternoon?
“_____ but I must go home because my mother was ill.”
A. I’m afraid not B. I’m not afraid
C. I’d like to D. No, I wouldn’t
7. Is this room _______Premier Zhou Enlai once lived?
A. in which B. the one where C. where D. the one which
8. ______ you eat, ______ you’ll become.
A. The more, the fatter B. More, the fatter
C. More, fatter D. The more, fatter
9. There are forty children in the kindergarten_____ is my daughter.
A. and among whom B. among them
C. and among them D. and one of whom
10. ___ the teacher came into out classroom, we _____our homework.
A. While, did B. When, were doing
C. While, were doing D. When, did
11. Mr.Johnson, you let us have a rest, _____ ?
A. don’t you B. shall we C. will you D. won’t you
12. ______ he was, he learned advanced English by himself.
A. Young although B. A boy as C. A boy though D. Boy as
13. _____hard at reading, _____ you’ll succeed in next exam.
A. Work, and B. To work, but
C. Working, or D. To work, and
14. ______ progress you have made in your Geography!
A. what a great B. How great C. so rapid D. what great
15. I don’t think Mr Steven will come here again today. Please give these two tickets to ____ comes here first.
A. whomever B. whom C. who D. whoever
Keys: 1-5 CBDCA 6-10 CBACB 11-15 CDADD